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KYIV — Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy fired Army Commander-in-Chief Gen. Oleksandr Syrskyi on Tuesday, just a week after ousting popular Defense Minister Mykhailo Fedorov.

Zelenskyy had cited the dysfunctional relationship between Syrskyi and the reformist minister as his reason for firing Fedorov on July 15, but the decision triggered a wave of protests demanding he be reinstated and Syrskyi removed instead.

Zelenskyy has so far refused to return Fedorov to the defense ministry, saying he will be offered another position worthy of his talents in government.

“We will jointly determine an updated strategy of our defense [and] steps to continue the reform of the corps system, to fulfill the supply requests of combat commanders,” Zelenskyy said in an address to the nation on Tuesday evening.

He also expressed gratitude to Syrskyi for previous successful operations in 2022 in Kyiv and Kharkiv and the 2024 incursion into Russia’s Kursk region.

Joint Forces Commander Maj. Gen. Mykhailo Drapatyi will become the Ukrainian Army’s new commander-in-chief, Zelenskyy said in his speech.

Drapatyi is an experienced field commander who successfully organized the protection of Kharkiv in 2024 from a Russian counteroffensive. He was among the first of Ukraine’s top commanders to openly support Fedorov last week.

Ukraine has seen nationwide protests since Zelenskyy ousted Fedorov, and it’s far from certain that Syrskyi’s ouster will suffice to quell them.

Fedorov has refused to take any post besides his old job as defense minister, two officials familiar with the talks told POLITICO. It’s not clear whether he has accepted Zelenskyy’s latest offer to return to government.

He congratulated Drapatyi, however, describing him as a “breath of fresh air.” He also called Syrskyi to thank him for his successes in Kyiv and Kharkiv, calling them now “part of history.”

“But we need to move even faster and write new chapters, correcting all previous mistakes,” Fedorov said .

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Street art is ubiquitous in Rotterdam, coming in all shapes and sizes, covering a vast array of topics in its own unique way. The canal vulva is one such piece that has fascinated passersby for over a decade.

Not much is known about this piece, apart from the fact that it is a female reproductive organ that was fastened to the wall close to some space invader mosaics. Locals call it 'Kutkunst' and believe that it's a feminist statement. They are generally quite fond of it, and have helped keep it free of vandalism for over a decade.

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Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers have discovered the secrets of early galaxies that pumped the infant cosmos full of dust, which would become vital for the birth of new stars and the growth of galaxies.

However, while the JWST is powerful enough to see many of these early galaxies, it is still limited when it comes to delving into them in great detail. So, the team at the heart of this research worked around this by studying a much closer and more modern galaxy with many characteristics that resemble the universe's first galaxies.

In lieu of being able to study the processes that occurred in the early universe that allowed galaxies to be seeded with "metals, (the term astronomers use to describe elements heavier than hydrogen and helium), the researchers turned their attention to a dwarf galaxy just 4.6 million light-years away.

"Directly studying the galaxies that populated the early universe is still very difficult, which is why observing a nearby galaxy like Sextans A, which presents similar chemical conditions, offers us a precious opportunity to understand how the first generations of stars evolved and what role they played in transforming the interstellar medium," team leader Claudio Gavetti of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said in a statement.

How does Sextans A impersonate ancient galaxies?

The early universe was a pretty dull place in terms of chemistry. That is because it was dominated by the lightest element, hydrogen, with some helium and a tiny smattering of heavy elements, or metals. That means that the first generation of stars, so-called POP III stars , were correspondingly metal-poor.

During their lives, however, POP III stars fused hydrogen and helium in their cores to forge heavier elements. When these original stars reached the ends of their lives, they exploded in supernova explosions that dispersed these metals into the interstellar medium, the vast clouds of dust and gas between stars.

Eventually, dense and cool patches in these vast clouds collapsed under their own gravity, birthing the next generation of stars, POP II stars, which, thanks to the supernova deaths of their predecessors, were richer in metals.

The dwarf galaxy Sextans A observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Janice Lee (NOIRLab). Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI).) Our own star, the sun , is classed as a POP I star, meaning it is even richer in metals than these second-generation stars. However, not all modern galaxies are so metal-rich; this is especially true for dwarf galaxies like Sextans A, even though it lies at the outer edge of our cosmic backyard, known as the " local group ."

Sextans A is so metal-poor that it is estimated to contain only between 1% and 7% of the heavy elements found in the sun. That makes it a great proxy for the study of metal-poor early galaxies.

Using the JWST's NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) instruments, Gavetti and colleagues obtained high-resolution observations of Sextans A that allowed them to map the dwarf galaxy's entire population of stars during an evolutionary phase known as the "asymptotic red giant branch."

This phase occurs when stars larger than the sun exhaust helium in their cores, creating an inert carbon heart, but nuclear fusion continues in outer alternating helium- and hydrogen-burning layers. These stars "puff out" as a result of this and can undergo thousandfold increases in brightness.

An image of the galaxy Sextans A where Red indicates the infrared emission of dust, blue the emission of atomic hydrogen gas, and green the far-ultraviolet emission created by newly formed stars. (Image credit: Yong Shi) The team's findings revealed that around 90% of the asymptotic red giant branch stars they studied were not surrounded by envelopes of dust. However, around 20 or so of these stars were embedded in thick dust shells. They also found that these "dust factories" formed between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago from stars with an initial mass about 1.5 times the mass of the sun.

This research is a leap forward in understanding which stars in the early universe were most likely to create the metal dust that would have enriched the next generations of stars. That means it helps paint a complete picture of how the universe as we see it today took shape.

The scientists behind this study say that this type of research would have been impossible before the launch of Webb.

"The JWST allows us to observe in unprecedented detail environments that until a few years ago were beyond our reach," team member Flavia Dell'Agli of the INAF. "The value of these data lies not only in the images, but in the ability to compare them with theoretical models and verify how correctly they describe the evolution of stars."

The team's research was published on Monday (July 20) in The Astrophysical Journal.

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Pentagon eyes swarms of cheap drones over a handful of expensive fighter jets

Carrier decks may soon be crowded with robots doing eight different combat jobs

US Navy next fighter wing could fly itself from takeoff to target and back

The US Navy has issued a Request for Information (RFI) seeking a new family of carrier-based drones which would operate alongside manned aircraft while supporting missions across the full range of naval combat operations.

The service wants these systems to fly from Ford-class and Nimitz-class nuclear carriers, while some designs could operate from smaller vessels.

Its requirements seeking industry proposals for platforms capable of eight missions, including attacks against ships and land targets, anti-submarine warfare, air combat, electronic warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.

Navy seeks autonomous aircraft for eight missions

The aircraft would also support aerial refuelling and resupply missions for naval task forces, creating a broad set of requirements for a single aircraft or connected family of systems.

Strike variants must have a minimum range of 1,000 nautical miles, equivalent to roughly 1,150 miles.

The service also wants advanced autonomy for carrier operations, mission changes and threat avoidance during flight.

Proposed systems must support automated aerial refuelling and remain compatible with existing unmanned aircraft control systems.

The Navy is seeking “affordable mass, risk-tolerant platforms” capable of addressing current and emerging threats, which points toward affordable aircraft designed to be produced in larger numbers than traditional high-cost combat jets.

Future carrier wings could rely on scalable drone fleets

The RFI asks companies to explain how their production methods could expand rapidly during a surge while keeping recurring flight and sustainment costs within sustainable limits.

Manufacturers must also describe ways to reduce maintenance demands and use existing naval supply networks.

The Navy is also open to aircraft that can operate from platforms beyond its largest carriers - vertical-takeoff and landing UAVs could fly from destroyers, expeditionary sea bases and other vessels with suitable aviation facilities.

“The Navy is interested in novel concepts that can operate from any air-capable platform,” the RFI states, including destroyers and mobile sea bases.

This could give naval commanders more options for deploying autonomous aircraft across different maritime environments.

The Air Wing of the Future Family of Systems forms part of the Trump administration’s Golden Fleet expansion plan.

Existing related programmes include the MQ-25A Stingray tanker and Collaborative Combat Aircraft initiative.

The RFI also asks companies to explain planned capital investments and internal research commitments needed to mature their designs.

The Navy’s requirements suggest that future carrier aviation could combine advanced manned aircraft with larger fleets of autonomous systems designed for scale and operational risk tolerance.

Via Defense News