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Street art is ubiquitous in Rotterdam, coming in all shapes and sizes, covering a vast array of topics in its own unique way. The canal vulva is one such piece that has fascinated passersby for over a decade.

Not much is known about this piece, apart from the fact that it is a female reproductive organ that was fastened to the wall close to some space invader mosaics. Locals call it 'Kutkunst' and believe that it's a feminist statement. They are generally quite fond of it, and have helped keep it free of vandalism for over a decade.

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Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers have discovered the secrets of early galaxies that pumped the infant cosmos full of dust, which would become vital for the birth of new stars and the growth of galaxies.

However, while the JWST is powerful enough to see many of these early galaxies, it is still limited when it comes to delving into them in great detail. So, the team at the heart of this research worked around this by studying a much closer and more modern galaxy with many characteristics that resemble the universe's first galaxies.

In lieu of being able to study the processes that occurred in the early universe that allowed galaxies to be seeded with "metals, (the term astronomers use to describe elements heavier than hydrogen and helium), the researchers turned their attention to a dwarf galaxy just 4.6 million light-years away.

"Directly studying the galaxies that populated the early universe is still very difficult, which is why observing a nearby galaxy like Sextans A, which presents similar chemical conditions, offers us a precious opportunity to understand how the first generations of stars evolved and what role they played in transforming the interstellar medium," team leader Claudio Gavetti of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said in a statement.

How does Sextans A impersonate ancient galaxies?

The early universe was a pretty dull place in terms of chemistry. That is because it was dominated by the lightest element, hydrogen, with some helium and a tiny smattering of heavy elements, or metals. That means that the first generation of stars, so-called POP III stars , were correspondingly metal-poor.

During their lives, however, POP III stars fused hydrogen and helium in their cores to forge heavier elements. When these original stars reached the ends of their lives, they exploded in supernova explosions that dispersed these metals into the interstellar medium, the vast clouds of dust and gas between stars.

Eventually, dense and cool patches in these vast clouds collapsed under their own gravity, birthing the next generation of stars, POP II stars, which, thanks to the supernova deaths of their predecessors, were richer in metals.

The dwarf galaxy Sextans A observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Janice Lee (NOIRLab). Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI).) Our own star, the sun , is classed as a POP I star, meaning it is even richer in metals than these second-generation stars. However, not all modern galaxies are so metal-rich; this is especially true for dwarf galaxies like Sextans A, even though it lies at the outer edge of our cosmic backyard, known as the " local group ."

Sextans A is so metal-poor that it is estimated to contain only between 1% and 7% of the heavy elements found in the sun. That makes it a great proxy for the study of metal-poor early galaxies.

Using the JWST's NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) instruments, Gavetti and colleagues obtained high-resolution observations of Sextans A that allowed them to map the dwarf galaxy's entire population of stars during an evolutionary phase known as the "asymptotic red giant branch."

This phase occurs when stars larger than the sun exhaust helium in their cores, creating an inert carbon heart, but nuclear fusion continues in outer alternating helium- and hydrogen-burning layers. These stars "puff out" as a result of this and can undergo thousandfold increases in brightness.

An image of the galaxy Sextans A where Red indicates the infrared emission of dust, blue the emission of atomic hydrogen gas, and green the far-ultraviolet emission created by newly formed stars. (Image credit: Yong Shi) The team's findings revealed that around 90% of the asymptotic red giant branch stars they studied were not surrounded by envelopes of dust. However, around 20 or so of these stars were embedded in thick dust shells. They also found that these "dust factories" formed between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago from stars with an initial mass about 1.5 times the mass of the sun.

This research is a leap forward in understanding which stars in the early universe were most likely to create the metal dust that would have enriched the next generations of stars. That means it helps paint a complete picture of how the universe as we see it today took shape.

The scientists behind this study say that this type of research would have been impossible before the launch of Webb.

"The JWST allows us to observe in unprecedented detail environments that until a few years ago were beyond our reach," team member Flavia Dell'Agli of the INAF. "The value of these data lies not only in the images, but in the ability to compare them with theoretical models and verify how correctly they describe the evolution of stars."

The team's research was published on Monday (July 20) in The Astrophysical Journal.

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After fracturing my humerus in an arm-wrestling match, something happened that I wasn’t prepared for. For the first time in my life, I lost the ability to exercise; the one thing that had always anchored my mental health. My mood began to unravel. The only solutions I knew were the ones I’d been taught in medical school: therapy or medication.

My experience isn’t unique; it reflects a much larger problem in how we currently treat depression. An estimated 1.17 billion people live with a mental disorder globally , and depression remains one of the most common. People with depression also face higher risks of other medical problems like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Yet our standard approach — medication, therapy, or both — leaves up to 30 to 50% of people without meaningful improvement and does little to address these physical comorbidities. This is why more holistic options, particularly exercise, deserve serious consideration.

What the evidence actually shows

Hundreds of clinical trials now show that exercise can significantly reduce symptoms of depression. For mild to moderate cases, its effects are generally comparable to medication or therapy. When exercise is combined with medications or therapy, the effects may even be additive . On a population level, even achieving just half the recommended amount of physical activity is linked to an 18% lower risk of developing depression .

Exercise treats depression through several mechanisms at once . It boosts brain neuroplasticity by raising brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which supports new neuron growth in the hippocampus, while also reducing chronic inflammation that can harm neurons. At the same time, it helps to regulate the body’s stress-response system and strengthen psychological resilience by boosting self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social connection. Together, these biological, mental, and social changes create a more resilient brain environment that makes depression less likely to take hold or persist.

However, we must be careful not to overstate the benefits. Headlines claiming that “exercise is 1.5 times more effective than medication or therapy” have spread widely, but they misrepresent the research . Those claims came from comparing effect sizes across studies of very different quality. When we look at higher-quality evidence and direct comparisons , exercise performs similarly to, but not dramatically better than, established treatments. Overhyping it risks damaging credibility in this important area of mental health.

Why exercise remains rarely used

If exercise is genuinely helpful, why isn’t it recommended more often? Exercise is already recommended as a first-line treatment for mild depression in major treatment guidelines . Yet a recent survey found that 92% of mental health professionals received no training in how to recommend exercise, and 41% said they never recommend it to patients.

There’s a clear disconnect between the evidence, the guidelines, and clinical practice. Imagine sitting across from your psychiatrist after being diagnosed with depression. If they simply said, “Just take this antidepressant,” you’d probably expect much more, such as the specific drug, the dose, how long to take it, and what side effects to watch for. Yet when it comes to exercise, vague advice like “just go work out” is still surprisingly common. Exercise deserves the same level of thought and structure we give to medication.

One practical way to do this is to use the FITT framework: Frequency, Intensity, Type, and Time. Instead of generic advice, a clinician might recommend something specific, such as: “Start with brisk walking three times a week for 20-30 minutes at an intensity where you can still talk.” This can then be adjusted as the person’s energy and fitness improve.

However, even with clear recommendations, depression itself can create major barriers. Fatigue and low motivation are among the most common, often making the idea of exercise feel impossible. These challenges are real but can be overcome by starting very small, building in social support or supervision, and combining exercise with other effective treatments.

What needs to change?

Real change requires more than simply acknowledging that exercise works. Clinicians need better training, starting in medical school and continuing through residency and beyond. They also need practical, up-to-date guidance on how to recommend exercise effectively.

That’s why I’m currently leading the development of new recommendations from the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) on the use of exercise in depression and bipolar disorder.

Training alone isn’t enough. We also need systems that make structured exercise programs practical, including direct referral pathways to qualified exercise professionals and insurance coverage, so that supervised programs or gym access can be integrated into care as easily as medication.

The evidence that exercise helps treat depression is strong. We don’t need more studies to prove it works. What we need now is to start treating it like the legitimate medical intervention that it is.

This article Exercise works for depression. So why isn’t it treated like real medicine? is featured on Big Think .

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Pentagon eyes swarms of cheap drones over a handful of expensive fighter jets

Carrier decks may soon be crowded with robots doing eight different combat jobs

US Navy next fighter wing could fly itself from takeoff to target and back

The US Navy has issued a Request for Information (RFI) seeking a new family of carrier-based drones which would operate alongside manned aircraft while supporting missions across the full range of naval combat operations.

The service wants these systems to fly from Ford-class and Nimitz-class nuclear carriers, while some designs could operate from smaller vessels.

Its requirements seeking industry proposals for platforms capable of eight missions, including attacks against ships and land targets, anti-submarine warfare, air combat, electronic warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.

Navy seeks autonomous aircraft for eight missions

The aircraft would also support aerial refuelling and resupply missions for naval task forces, creating a broad set of requirements for a single aircraft or connected family of systems.

Strike variants must have a minimum range of 1,000 nautical miles, equivalent to roughly 1,150 miles.

The service also wants advanced autonomy for carrier operations, mission changes and threat avoidance during flight.

Proposed systems must support automated aerial refuelling and remain compatible with existing unmanned aircraft control systems.

The Navy is seeking “affordable mass, risk-tolerant platforms” capable of addressing current and emerging threats, which points toward affordable aircraft designed to be produced in larger numbers than traditional high-cost combat jets.

Future carrier wings could rely on scalable drone fleets

The RFI asks companies to explain how their production methods could expand rapidly during a surge while keeping recurring flight and sustainment costs within sustainable limits.

Manufacturers must also describe ways to reduce maintenance demands and use existing naval supply networks.

The Navy is also open to aircraft that can operate from platforms beyond its largest carriers - vertical-takeoff and landing UAVs could fly from destroyers, expeditionary sea bases and other vessels with suitable aviation facilities.

“The Navy is interested in novel concepts that can operate from any air-capable platform,” the RFI states, including destroyers and mobile sea bases.

This could give naval commanders more options for deploying autonomous aircraft across different maritime environments.

The Air Wing of the Future Family of Systems forms part of the Trump administration’s Golden Fleet expansion plan.

Existing related programmes include the MQ-25A Stingray tanker and Collaborative Combat Aircraft initiative.

The RFI also asks companies to explain planned capital investments and internal research commitments needed to mature their designs.

The Navy’s requirements suggest that future carrier aviation could combine advanced manned aircraft with larger fleets of autonomous systems designed for scale and operational risk tolerance.

Via Defense News